Home

Ackers, S. H., C.N. Slobodchikoff.  1998.  Communication of stimulus size and shape in alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs, Cynomys gunnisoni. Ethology

Agnew, W., D.W. Uresk, and R.M. Hansen.  1986.  Flora and fauna associated with prairie dog colonies and adjacent ungrazed mixed-grass prairie in western South Dakota. Journal of Range Management 39: 135-139.

Anderson, E., S.C. Forrest, T.W. Clark, and L. Richardson.  1986.  Paleobiology, biogeography, and systematics of the black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman), 1851. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 11-62.

Archer, S., and J. K. Detling.  1986.  Evaluation of potential herbivore mediation of plant water status in a North American mixed-grass prairie.  Oikos 47:287­291.

Bangert, R. K., and C. N. Slobodchikoff.  in prep.  The Gunnisonís Prairie Dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) structures a ground-dwelling arthropod community as a keystone engineer.

Barnes, A. M.  1982.  Surveillance and control of bubonic plague in the United States. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 50: 237-270.

Barnes, A. M.  1993.  A review of plague and its relevance to prairie dog populations and the black-footed ferret. In J. L. Oldenmeyer, D.E. Biggins, and B.J. Miller (Eds.), Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (pp. 28-37). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Bell, W. B.  1921.  Death to rodents. United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook 1920: 421-438.

Bevers, M., J. Hof, D.W. Uresk, and G.L. Schenbeck.  1997.  Spatial optimization of prairie dog colonies for black-footed ferret recovery. Operations Research 45: 495-507.

Biggins, D. E., B.J. Miller, L.R. Hanebury, B. Oakleaf, A.H. Farmer, R. Crete, and A. Dood (1993). A technique for evaluating black-footed ferret habitat. In J. L. Oldenmeyer, D.E. Biggins, and B.J. Miller (Eds.), Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (pp. 73-88). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Biodiversity Legal Foundation and J. C. Sharps.  1994.  Petition to list the black-tailed prairie dog.  Unpublished report.

Bonham, C. D., and A. Lerwick.  1976.  Vegetation changes induced by prairie dogs on shortgrass range.  Journal of Range Management 29:221­225.

Bright, J., E. Nowak, and H. Yard.  1994.  A keystone species? Prairie dog influence in a subalpine meadow. Northern Arizona University.

Brizuela, M. A., J. K. Detling, and M. S. Cid.  1986.  Silicon concentration of grasses growing in sites with different grazing histories.  Ecology 67:1098­1101.

Bruns-Stockrahm, D. M., E.K. Harper, T.A. Mattson, S. Kawai, E.B. Seplowitz, and S.L. Adolf.  1992.  Observations on population structure and space utilization by Gunnison's prairie dogs in Colorado. North Dakota Academy of Sciences Proceedings 46: 57.

Campbell, T. M., III, and T. W. Clark.  1981.  Colony characteristics and vertebrate associates of white-tailed and black-tailed prairie dogs in Wyoming.  American Midland Naturalist 105:269­276.

Campbell, T. M., III, T.W. Clark, L. Richardson, S.C. Forrest, and B.R. Houston.  1987.  Food habits of Wyoming black-footed ferrets. The American Midland Naturalist 117: 208-211.

Campbell, T. M., III.  1989.  Prairie dog colony location surveys and black-footed ferret searches in Montana. In D. H. Clark. T.W., and T. Rich (Eds.), The prairie dog ecosystem: managing for biological diversity (pp. 1-12). Billings, MT: Montana Bureau of Land Management.

Carlson, D. C., and E.M. White.  1987.  Effects of prairie dogs on mound soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51: 389-393.

Carlson, D. C., E.M. White.  1988.  Variations in surface-layer color, texture, pH, and phosphorus content across prairie dog mounds. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52: 1758-1761.

Ceballos, G., and D. E. Wilson.  1985.  Cymomys mexicanus. Mammalian Species 248: 1-3.

Ceballos, G., J. Pacheco, and R. List.  1999.  Influence of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) on habitat heterogeneity and mammalian diversity in Mexico.  Journal of Arid Environments 41:161-172.

Chesser, R. K.  1983.  Genetic variability within and among populations of the black-tailed prairie dog. Evolution 37: 320-331.

Cid, M. S., J. K. Detling , A. D. Whicker, and M. A. Brizuela.  1991.  Vegetational responses of a mixed-grass prairie site following exclusion of prairie dogs and bison.  Journal of Range Management 44:100­105.

Clark, T. W.  1971.  Literature concerning prairie dogs. Wyoming Range Management 286: 29-44.

Clark, T. W.  1987.  Black-footed ferret recovery: a progress report. Conservation Biology 1: 8-11.

Clark, T. W., D. Hinckley, and T. Rich, editors.  1989.  The prairie dog ecosystem:  managing for biological diversity.  Technical Bulletin 2.  Montana Bureau of Land Management Wildlife, Billings, Montana.

Clark, T. W., R.S. Hoffman, and C.F. Nadler.  1971.  Cynomys leucurus. Mammalian Species 7:

Clark, T. W., T. M. Campbell III, D. G. Socha, and D. E. Casey.  1982.  Prairie dog colony attributes and associated vertebrate species.  Great Basin Naturalist 42:572­582.

Clark, W. H., and C. J. Clark.  1989.  White-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys leucurus Merriam) diggings in western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson), mounds.  ???

Cleveland, A., J. Hart, A. Hile, and C. Valdez.  1994.  Disturbance effects of prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) and pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) on the vegetation of a sub-alpine meadow. Northern Arizona University.

Coffeen, M. P., and J.C. Pederson.  1993.  Techniques for the transplant of Utah prairie dogs. In J. L. Oldenmeyer, D.E. Biggins, and B.J. Miller (Eds.), Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (pp. 60-66). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Collier, G. D.  1975.  Factors influencing the distribution of the Utah prairie dog, Cynomys parvidens (Sciuridae). The Southwestern Naturalist 20: 151-158.

Collier, G. D. 1975. The Utah prairie dog: abundance, distribution, and habitat requirements. Publication 75-10. State of Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.

Collins, A. R., J.P. Workman, and D.W. Uresk.  1984.  An economic analysis of black-tailed prairie dog [Cynomys ludovicianus] control. Journal of Range Management 37: 358-361.

Cooke, L. A., S.R. Swiecki.  1992.  Structure of a white-tailed prairie dog burrow. Great Basin Naturalist 52: 288-289.

Coppock, D. L., and J. K. Detling.  1986.  Alteration of bison and black-tailed prairie dog grazing interaction by prescribed burning.  Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 452­455.

Coppock, D. L., J. E. Ellis, J. K. Detling, and M. I. Dyer.  1983.  Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie:  II.  Responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs.  Oecologia 56:10­15.

Crocker-Bedford, D. C., and J.J. Spillett. 1981. Habitat relationships of the Utah prairie dog. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region.

Cully, J. F., Jr.  1989.  Plague in prairie dog ecosystems:  importance for black-footed ferret management.  Pages 47­55 in Clark, T. W., D. Hinckley, and T. Rich, editors.  The prairie dog ecosystem:  managing for biological diversity.  Technical Bulletin 2.  Montana Bureau of Land Management Wildlife, Billings, Montana.

Cully, J. F., Jr.  1991.  Response of raptors to reduction of a Gunnisonís prairie dog population by plague.  American midland Naturalist 125:140-149.

Cully, J. F., Jr.  1993.  Plague, prairie dogs, and black-footed ferrets. In J. L. Oldenmeyer, D.E. Biggins, and B.J. Miller (Eds.), Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (pp. 38-49). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Cully, J. F., Jr.  1997.  Growth and life-history changes in Gunnison's prairie dogs after a plague epizootic. Journal of Mammalogy 78: 146-157.

Daley, J. G.  1992.  Population reductions and genetic variability in black-tailed prairie dogs. Journal of Wildlife Management 56: 212-220.

Dalsted, K. J., S. Sather-Blair, B.K. Worcester, and R. Klukas.  1981.  Application of remote sensing to prairie dog management. Journal of Range Management 34: 218-223.

Davidson, A. D., R. R. Parmenter, and J. R. Gosz.  1999.  responses of small mammals and vegetation to a reintroduction of Gunnison's prairie dogs.  Journal of Mammalogy 80:1311-1324.

Day, T. A., and J. K. Detling.  1990a.  Changes in grass leaf water relations following bison urine deposition.  American Midland Naturalist 123:171­178.

Day, T. A., and J. K. Detling.  1990b.  Grassland patch dynamics and herbivore grazing preference following urine deposition.  Ecology 71:180­188.

Day, T. A., and J. K. Detling.  1994.  Water relations of Agropyron smithii and Bouteloua gracilis and community evapotranspiration following long-term grazing by prairie dogs.  American Midland Naturalist 132:381­392.

Desmond, M. J., J. A. Savidge, and T. F. Siebert.  1995.  Spatial patterns of burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia) nests within black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) towns.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1375­1379.

Desmond, M. J., J. A. Savidge.  1996.  Factors influencing burrowing owl  nest densities and numbers in western Nebraska.  American Midland Naturalist 136:143­148.

Detling, J. K., and E. L. Painter.  1983.  Defoliation responses of western wheatgrass populations with diverse histories of prairie dog grazing.  Oecologia 57:65­71.

Dobson, F. S., R.K. Chesser, J.L. Hoogland, D.W. Sugg, D.W. Foltz.  1997.  Do black-tailed prairie dogs minimize inbreeding? Evolution 51: 970-978.

Fitzgerald, J. P.  1993.  The ecology of plague in Gunnisonís prairie dogs and suggestions for the recovery of black-footed ferrets.  Pages 50­58 in Oldemeyer, J. L., D. E. Biggins, B. J. Miller, and R. Crete, editors.  Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret.  Biological Report 13.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., USA.

Fitzgerald, J. P., C. A. Meaney, and D. M. Armstrong.  1994.  Mammals of Colorado.  Denver Museum of Natural History and University Press of Colorado, USA.

Fitzgerald, J. P., R.R. Lechleitner.  1974.  Observation on the biology of Gunnison's prairie dog in central Colorado. The American Midland Naturalist 92: 146-163.

Foltz, D. W., J.L. Hoogland.  1983.  Genetic evidence of outbreeding in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Evolution 37: 273-281.

Garrett, M. G., and W.L. Franklin.  1988.  Behavioral ecology of dispersal in the black-tailed prairie dog. Journal of Mammalogy 69: 236-250.

Goodrich, J. M., and S.W. Buskirk.  1998.  Spacing and ecology of North American badgers (Taxidea taxus) in a prairie-dog (Cynomys leucurus) complex. Journal of Mammalogy 79: 171-179.

Goodwin, T. H.  1995. Pliocene-Pleistocene biogeographic history of prairie dogs, genus Cynomys (Sciuridae).  Journal of Mammalogy 76:100­122.

Hansen, R. M., and I.K. Gold.  1977.  Blacktail prairie dogs, desert cottontails and cattle trophic relations on shortgrass range. Journal of Range Management 30: 210-214.

Hanson, R. 1993.  Control of prairie dogs and related developments in South Dakota. In J. L. Oldenmeyer, D.E. Biggins, and B.J. Miller (Eds.), Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (pp. 5-7). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Hillman, C. N., and T.W. Clark.  1980.  Mustela nigripes. Mammalian Species 126: 1-3.

Hoffmeister, D. F.  1986.  Mammals of Arizona.  University of Arizona Press and the Arizona Game and Fish Department.

Holland, E. A., and J. K. Detling.  1990.  Plant response to herbivory and belowground nitrogen cycling.  Ecology 71:1040­1049.

Hoogland, J. L.  1979.  The effect of colony size on individual alertness of prairie dogs (Sciuridae: Cynomys spp.). Animal Behaviour 27: 394-407.

Hoogland, J. L.  1981.  The evolution of coloniality in white-tailed and black-tailed prairie dogs (Sciuridae: Cynomys leucurus and C. ludovicianus. Ecology 62: 252-272.

Hoogland, J. L.  1992.  Levels of inbreeding among prairie dogs. The American Naturalist 139: 591-602.

Hoogland, J. L.  1999.  Philopatry, dispersal, and social organization of Gunnison's prairie dogs. Journal of Mammalogy 80: 243-251.

Houston, B. R., T.W. Clark, and S.C. Minta.  1986.  Habitat suitability index model for the black-footed ferret: A method to locate transplant sites. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 99-114.

Ingham, R. E., and J. K. Detling.  1984.  Plant-herbivore interactions on a North American mixed-grass prairie:  III.  Soil mematode populations and root biomass on Cynomys ludovicianus colonies and adjacent uncolonized areas.  Oecologia 63:307­313.

Jaramillo, V. J., and J. K. Detling.  1988.  Grazing history, defoliation, and competition:  effects on shortgrass production and nitrogen accumulation.  Ecology 69:1599­1608.

Jaramillo, V. J., and J. K. Detling.  1992.  Small scall heterogeneity in a semi-arid North American grassland.  II.  Cattle grazing of simulated urine patches.  Functional Ecology 29:9­13.

Johnston, C. A.  1995.  Effects of animals on landscape pattern.  Pages 58­80 in Hansson, L., L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam, editors.  Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes.  Chapman and Hall, London, UK.

King, J. A.  1955.  Social behavior, social organization, and population dynamics in a black-tailed prairiedog town in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Contributions from the laboratory of vertebrate biology 67. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

King, J. A.  1984.  Historical ventilations on a prairie dog town.  Pages 447­456 in J. O. Murie and G. R. Michener, editors.  The biology of ground-dwelling squirrels.  University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.

Kiriazis, J., and C. N. Slobodchikoff.  1997.  Referential communication in Gunnisonís prairie dogs.  Animal Behaviour, in review.

Knowles, C. J.  1985.  Observations on prairie dog dispersal in Montana. Prairie Naturalist 17: 33-40.

Knowles, C. J.  1986.  Some relationships of black-tailed prairie dogs to livestock grazing. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 198-203.

Knowles, C. J., and P.R. Knowles.  1994.  A review of black-tailed prairie dog literature in relation to rangelands administered by the Custer National Forest.  USDA Custer National Forest, Billings, MT.

Koford, C. B.  1958.  Prairie dogs, whitefaces, and blue grama. Wildlife Monographs 3: 1-78.

Kotliar, N. B., B. W. Baker, A. D. Whicker, and G. Plumb.  1999.  A critical review of assumptions about the prairie dog as a keystone species.  Environmental Management 24:177-192.

Krueger, K.  1986.  Feeding relationships among bison, pronghorn, and prairie dogs: an experimental analysis. Ecology 67: 760-770.

Licht, D. S., and K.D. Sanchez.  1993.  Association of black-tailed prairie dogs colonies with cattle point attractants in the northern Great Plains. Great Basin Naturalist 53: 385-389.

Linder, R. L., R.B. Dahlgren, and C.N. Hillman.  1972.  Black-footed ferret-prairie dog interrelationships. In Symposium on Rare and Endangered Wildlife of the Southwestern United States; September 22-23, 1972 (pp. 22-37). Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.

Longhurst, W.  1944.  Observations on the ecology of the Gunnison prairie dog in Colorado. Journal of Mammalogy 25: 24-36.

Marsh, R. E.  1984.  Ground squirrels, prairie dogs and marmots as pests on rangeland.  Pages 195­208 in Proceedings of the conference for the organization and practice of vertebrate pest control.  ICI Plant Protection Division, Fernherst, England, UK.

McCullough, D. A., and R.K. Chesser.  1987.  Genetic variation among populations of the Mexican prairie dog. Journal of Mammalogy 68: 555-560.

McCullough, D. A., R.K. Chesser, and R.D. Owen.  1987.  Immunological systematics of prairie dogs. Journal of Mammalogy 68: 561-568.

Mellink, E., and H. Madrigal.  1993.  Ecology of Mexican prairie dogs, Cynomys mexicanus, in El Manantial, Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 74: 631-635.

Menkens, G. E., Jr, and S.H. Anderson.  1991.  Population dynamics of white-tailed prairie dogs during an epizootic of sylvatic plague. Journal of Mammalogy 72: 328-331.

Menkens, G. E., Jr., and S. H. Anderson.  1993.  Mark-recapture and visual counts for estimating population size of white-tailed prairie dogs.  Pages 67­72 in Oldemeyer, J. L., D. E. Biggins, B. J. Miller, and R. Crete, editors.  Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret.  Biological Report 13.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., USA.

Menkens, G.E., Jr., and S.H. Anderson.  1989.  Temporal-spatial variation in white-tailed prairie dog demography and life histories in Wyoming. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 343-349.

Menkins, G. E., Jr., D.E. Biggins, and S.H. Anderson.  1990.  Visual counts as an index of white-tailed prairie dog density. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18: 290-296.

Merriam, C. H.  1902.  The prairie dog of the Great Plains. In Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture - 1901 (pp. 257-270). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Miller B., G. Ceballos, and R. Reading.  1994.  The prairie dog and biotic diversity.  Conservation Biology 8:677­681.

Miller, B., C. Wemmer, D. Biggins, and R. Reading.  1990.  A proposal to conserve black-footed ferrets and the prairie dog ecosystem. Environmental Management 14: 763-769.

Miller, B., D.E. Biggins, and R. Crete.  1993.  Workshop summary. In J. L. Oldenmeyer, D.E. Biggins, and B.J. Miller (Eds.), Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (pp. 89-96). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Miller, B., R. Reading, J. Hoogland, T. Clark, G. Ceballos, R. List, S. Forrest, L. Hanebury, P. Manzano, J. Pacheco, and D. Uresk.  2000.  The role of prairie dogs as a keystone species:  response to Stapp.  Conservation Biology 14:318-321.

Minta, S. C., and T.W. Clark.  1989.  Habitat suitability analysis of potential translocation sites for black-footed ferrets in northcentral Montana. In D. H. Clark. T.W., and T. Rich (Eds.), The prairie dog ecosystem: managing for biological diversity (pp. 29-45). Billings, MT: Montana Bureau of Land Management.

Mulhern, D. W., C.J. Knowles.  1996.  Black-tailed prairie dog status and future conservation planning. In D. W. Uresk, G.L. Schenbeck, J.T. O'Rourke (Eds.), Conserving biodiversity on native rangelands: symposium proceedings (pp. 19-29). Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Munn, L. C.  1993.  Effects of prairie dogs on physical and chemical properties of soils.  Pages 11­17 in Oldemeyer, J. L., D. E. Biggins, B. J. Miller, and R. Crete, editors.  Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret.  Biological Report 13.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., USA.

O'Meilia, M. E., F. L. Knopf, and J. C. Lewis.  1982.  Some consequences of competition between prairie dogs and beef cattle.  Journal of Range Management 35:580­585.

Oldemeyer, J. L., D. E. Biggins, B. J. Miller, and R. Crete, editors.  1993.  Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret.  Biological Report 13.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., USA.

Osborn, B.  1942.  Prairie dog in shinnery (oak scrub) savannah. Ecology 23: 110-115.

Painter, E. L., J. K. Detling, and D. A. Steingraeber.  1989.  Grazing history, defoliation, and frequency-dependent competition:  effects on two North American grasses.  American Journal of Botany 76:1368­1379.

Pizzimenti, J. J., and G.D. Collier.  1975.  Cynomys parvidens. Mammalian Species 52: 1-3.

Pizzimenti, J. J., and R.S. Hoffmann.  1973.  Cynomys gunnisoni. Mammalian Species 25: 1-4.

Polley, H. W., and J. K. Detling.  1989.  Defoliation, Nitrogen, and competition:  effects on plant growth and nitrogen nutrition.  Ecology 70:721­727.

Powell, K. L., R. J. Robel, K. E. Kemp, and M. D. Nellis.  1994.  Aboveground counts of black-tailed prairie dogs:  temporal nature and relationship to burrow entrance density.  Journal of Wildlife Management 58:361­366.

Powell, K. L., R.J. Robel.  1994.  Size and location of black-tailed prairie dog towns in Meade and Gray counties, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 97: 44-49.

Randazzo, R. 1998. Prairie dog distribution on the Peaks and Mormon Lake Ranger Districts. Northern Arizona University, Environmental Science Department.

Rayor, L. S.  1985.  Dynamics of a plague outbreak in Gunnison's prairie dog. Journal of Mammalogy 66: 194-196.

Rayor, L. S.  1985.  Effects of habitat quality on growth, age of first reproduction, and dispersal in Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 2835-2840.

Rayor, L. S.  1988.  Social organization and space-use in Gunnison's prairie dog. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22: 69-78.

Reading, R. P., and R. Matchett.  1997.  Attributes of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in northcentral Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 664-673.

Reading, R. P., J.J. Grensten, S.R. Beissinger, and T.W. Clark.  1993.  Attributes of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in North-central Montana, with management recommendations for the conservation of biodiversity. In J. L. Oldenmeyer, D.E. Biggins, and B.J. Miller (Eds.), Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (pp. 9-10). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Reading, R. P., S. R. Beissinger, J. J. Grensten, and T. W. Clark.  1989.  Attributes of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in northcentral Montana, with management recommendations of the conservation of biodiversity.  Pages 13­25 in Clark, T. W., D. Hinckley, and T. Rich, editors.  The prairie dog ecosystem:  managing for biological diversity.  Technical Bulletin 2.  Montana Bureau of Land Management Wildlife, Billings, Montana.

Reid, N. J.  1954.  The distribution of the black-tailed prairie dog in the badlands of southwestern North Dakota. M.S., University of Iowa.

Schenbeck, G. L., R.J. Myhre. 1986. Aerial photography for assessment of black-tailed prairie dog management on the Buffalo Gap National Grassland, South Dakota. 86-7. United States department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

Shalaway, S., and C. N. Slobodchikoff.  1988.  Seasonal changes in the diet of the Gunnisonís prairie dog.  Journal of Mammalogy 69:835­841.

Sharps, J. C., and D. W. Uresk.  1990.  Ecological review of black-tailed prairie dogs and associated species in western South Dakota.  Great Basin Naturalist 50:339­345.

Sheets, R. G., R. L. Linder, and R. B. Dahlgren.  1971.  Burrow systems of prairie dogs in South Dakota.  Journal of Mammalogy 52:451­453.

Sheets, R. G., R.L. Linder, and R.B. Dahlgren.  1972.  Food habits of two litters of black-footed ferrets in South Dakota. American Midland Naturalist 87: 249-251.

Slobodchikoff, C. N.  1984.  Resources and the evolution of social behavior.  Pages 227­251 in P. W. Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff, and W. S. Gaud, editors.  A new ecology:  novel approaches to interactive systems.  John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.

Slobodchikoff, C. N., & W. C. Schulz. 1988. Cooperation, Aggression, and the evolution of social behaviour. In: The Ecology of Social Behaviour. (Ed. by C. N. Slobodchikoff), pp. 13­32. San Diego: Academic Press.

Slobodchikoff, C. N., A. Robinson, and C. Schaack.  1988.  Habitat use by Gunnisonís prairie dogs.  In:  Habitat use and management of small mammals and amphibians.  U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C.

Slobodchikoff, C. N., and J. Kiriazis.  1997.  Alarm calling patterns in Gunnisonís prairie dogs:  evidence for a referential grammar.  Animal Behaviour, in review.

Slobodchikoff, C. N., and R. Coast.  1980.  Dialects in the alarm call of prairie dogs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7: 49-53.

Slobodchikoff, C. N., C. Fischer, and J. Shapiro.  1986.  Predator-specific alarm calls of prairie dogs.  American Zoologist 26:557.

Slobodchikoff, C. N., J. Kiriazis, C. Fischer, and E. Creef.  1991.  Semantic information distinguishing individual predators in the alarm calls of Gunnisonís prairie dogs.  Animal Behaviour 42:713­719.

Slobodchikoff, C. N., S.H. Ackers, M. Van Ert.  1998.  Geographic variation in alarm calls of gunnison's prairie dogs. Journal of Mammalogy 79:

Slobodchikoff, C. N., W.M. Shields.  1988.  Ecological trade-offs and social behavior. In The ecology of social behavior (pp. 3-10). Academic Press, Inc.

Smith, L. S.  1982.  Hibernation in the Zuni prairie dog.  Unpublished Masterís thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.

Stapp, P.  1998.  A reevaluation of the role of prairie dogs in Great Plains grasslands. Conservation Biology 12: 1253-1259.

Taylor, W. P., and J.V.G. Loftfield. 1924. Damage to range grasses by the Zuni prairie dog. Department Bulletin 1227. United States Department of Agriculture.

Tileston, J. V., and R.R. Lechleitner.  1966.  Some comparisons of the black-tailed and white-tailed prairie dogs in north-central Colorado. American Midland Naturalist 75: 292-316.

Travis, S. E., C. N. Slobodchikoff, and P. Keim.  1995.  Ecological and demographic effects on intraspecific variation in the social system of prairie dogs.  Ecology 76:1794­1803.

Travis, S. E., C. N. Slobodchikoff, P. Keim.  1996.  Soical assemblages and mating relationships in prairie dogs: a DNA fingerprint analysis. Behavioral Ecology 7: 95-100.

Travis, S. E., C. N. Slobodchikoff, P. Keim.  1997.  DNA fingerprinting reveals low genetic diversity in Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni). Journal of Mammalogy 78: 725-732.

Travis, S. E., C. N. Slobodchikoff.  1993.  Effects of food resource distribution on the social system of Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1186-1192.

Treviño-Villarreal, W. E. G., and A. Cardona-Estrada.  1997.  Characterization of soil texture in Mexican prairie dog (Cynomys mexicanus) colonies. Texas Journal of Science 49: 207-214.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1991). Utah prairie dog recovery action plan. Denver, CO: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Uresk, D.  1992.  Relation of black-tailed prairie dogs and control programs to vegetation, livestock, and wildlife.  Page 8 in Oldemeyer, J. L., D. E. Biggins, B. J. Miller, and R. Crete, editors.  Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret.  Biological Report 13.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., USA.

Uresk, D. W., and D.D. Paulson.  1988.  Estimated carrying capacity for cattle competing with prairie dogs and forage utilization in western South Dakota. In R. C. Szaro, K.E. Severson, and D.R. Patton - TECHNICAL COORDINATORS (Eds.), Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America (pp. 387-390). Flagstaff, AZ: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Uresk, D. W., G.L. Schenbeck, and R. Cefkin - TECHNICAL COORDINATORS.  1988.  Eighth Great Plains wildlife damage control workshop proceedings. General Technical Report RM-154. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

USF&W: http://www/r6.fws.gov/btprairiedog/

Vogel, S., C. P. Ellington, Jr., and D. L. Kilgore, Jr.  1973.  Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus.  Journal of Comparative Physiology 85:1­14.

Weltzin, J. F., S. Archer, and R. K. Heitschmidt.  1997.  Small-mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna. Ecology 78: 751-763.

Weltzin, J. F., S. L. Dowhower, R. K. Heitschmidt.  1997.  Prairie dog effects on plant community structure in southern mixed-grass prairie. The Southwestern Naturalist 42: 251-258.

Whicker, A. D., and J. K. Detling.  1988.  Ecological consequences of prairie dog disturbances:  prairie dogs alter grassland patch structure, nutrient cycling, and feeding-site selection by other herbivores.  BioScience 38 778­785.

Whicker, A. D., and J. K. Detling.  1993.  Control of grassland ecosystem processes by prairie dogs.  Pages 18­27 in Oldemeyer, J. L., D. E. Biggins, B. J. Miller, and R. Crete, editors.  Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret.  Biological Report 13.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., USA.

Wilcomb, M. J., Jr. 1954.  A study of prairie dog burrow systems and the ecology of their arthropod inhabitants in central Oklahoma.  Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oklahoma, Norman Oklahoma, USA.

Wuerthner, G.  1997.  Viewpoint: the blacktailed prairie dog­headed for extinction?  Journal of Range Management 50:459-466.

Zeveloff, S. I., and F. R. Collette.  1988.  Mammals of the Inter-mountain west.  University of Utah Press, SLC, UT.