Department of Biological Sciences
Chairperson and Professor Seeley
Assistant Chairperson
and Professor Bowmer
Professors J. Anderson, R. Anderson, Farrell, Griffith, Holte, House, Keller, J. McCune, R. McCune, W. Minshall, Scalarone, Spall,Stephens Streubel, Trost, Tullis, Winston Associate Professors D. Bunde, Huntly, Rose Assistant Professors Fehrer, Hand, Hill, Inouye, Peterson, Smith Adjunct Faculty Apel, Bechard,
Chapman, Clark, Colwell, Connelly, Corsini, Johnson, Laundre, Markham, Mickelson, J. Minshall, Perotto, Platts, Reynolds, Roberts,
Rosentreter, Torma, Ward, Wolfram
Affiliate Faculty C. Bunde, Kritsky, Urfer Auxiliary Faculty Akersten
Doctor of
Philosophy in Biology
The degree of Doctor of Philosophy is granted for proven ability and scholarly attainment in a special field, including recognized ability for independent investigation. It is primarily a research degree and is not granted solely on the completion of a certain number of credits. There are no fixed credit requirements for this degree at Idaho State University. The credits for the dissertation and the research on which it is based should comprise a substantial portion of the program and involve original and/or creative work. The program of study shall consist of courses in the major field as determined by an advisory committee and shall include a minor of at least 12 credit hours. Up to four credit hours of the minor may be selected from the complementary sub-discipline in biology. The research and writing connected with the thesis is understood to require the equivalent of at least one year of full-time work. Requirements
At least two full-time consecutive semesters taken in residence after the first 30 hours of graduate work; at least 3.0 GPA for last two years of undergraduate work; GRE scores above the 50th percentile; and successful completion of a Master of Science degree; qualifying examination during the first semester of program; comprehensive examination when course work is essentially complete; final defense of dissertation. Language Requirements
Those students whose native language is English must satisfy at least one of the following:

1. be able to read work related to their special field of study in two foreign languages,
   
2. have the ability to read fluently and to translate one foreign language into English and vice-versa, or
3. read work related to their special field of study in one foreign language and complete formal course work in areas related to learning research tools such as computer programming and statistics.
   The choice of foreign language is within the discretion of the major department. For a candidate whose native language is not English, proficiency in English shall be determined by the major department. Language examinations passed at other accredited colleges may satisfy the language requirements, subject to the recommendation of the department chairperson and approval of the Dean of Graduate Studies and Research. Such requests and approvals must be in writing.
   Doctor of Arts in Biology
   The Doctor of Arts (D.A.) degree program stresses preparation for undergraduate teaching in biology at colleges and universities. The program is designed to develop the candidate as a biologist, professional educator, and scholar. The general goals of the program are to help students develop:
   
   1. A broad background in biology.
      
   2. An understanding of scientific inquiry.
   3. The ability to synthesize concepts of biology and to communicate these concepts effectively.
   4. Expertise with teaching strategies appropriate for a variety of learning situations.
      
   5. The skills and attitudes that will enhance his or her effectiveness as a college faculty member. The program consists of a life science component and a pedagogical component. The life science component is designed to enhance one's understanding of biological concepts and ability to interpret current research. This component emphasizes breadth in biology, but does not preclude depth in specific areas of interest. The purposes of the pedagogical component are to enhance communicative skills, to provide experience with a variety of teaching techniques, and to help the student develop a sound philosophy of education.
      All candidates for the program must have at least a 3.0 GPA for the last two years of undergraduate work, minimum 50th percentile scores on the GRE general and biology subject exams, and must have completed a Master's degree prior to entrance into the program. If a student enters the program without having completed the Master's level research paper in biology or a related science, she/he must complete this requirement in addition to the D.A. degree requirements.
      Requirements
      The program requires a minimum of 48 semester credits beyond a Master's degree and at least two years of full-time study. Students must complete several examinations, a scholarly activity, and an internship as part of the degree program. A written and oral diagnostic qualifying examination is taken during the first semester. The purpose of this examination is to ascertain the student's competency to integrate concepts into undergraduate courses in botany, zoology or microbiology and to help the student plan a program of study. A comprehensive examination must be taken prior to application for candidacy. The purpose of this written and oral examination is to assess the student's knowledge of a broad spectrum of biological and educational topics and his/her ability to communicate answers effectively. During the last semester of the student's program an open seminar on the internship and scholarly activity will be presented. After this presentation the student's committee will conduct the final examination, which will primarily cover the scholarly activity and internship. The scholarly activity requires a substantive contribution to biological education, and one of four approaches may be used to meet this objective:
      1. Analysis and synthesis of existing literature relating to a specific question in biology
         
      2. Research in biological education; i.e., investigation of a specific problem in college biology teaching
      3. Research involving the investigation of a specific question or problem in biology; and
         
      4. Development of instructional materials which result from the investigation of a specific biological problem. This activity may be integrated with the internship. The internship is a supervised pedagogical activity that provides for the development of skills in traditional and innovative teaching methods. Students are required to meet the objectives for the life science and the pedagogical components. This will require course work, readings or individual projects in biology as well as other disciplines.
         Master of
         Science in
         Biology (Botany or Zoology) or Master of Science in
         Microbiology
         The M.S. programs require a substantial, original research project that culminates in a thesis, a minimum of 30 credits (including research and thesis) earned in graduate courses and seminars, expertise in core conceptual areas of the biological sciences, and completion of a research tool. There are several courses that are prerequisite for the M.S. degree programs, and any student who has not met these requirements through previous course work must take them as part of his/her M.S. program. These are:
         
         1. a semester of calculus
            
         2. one year of inorganic chemistry
            
         3. one year of organic chemistry
            
         4. one year of physics, and
            
         5. (M.S. in Microbiology only) quantitative analysis or analytical chemistry.
            These are undergraduate courses; thus, credits earned in them do not count toward the 30 credit hour requirements for the M.S. In addition, there are a number of core conceptual areas of biology to which we expect all students to have had significant exposure by the time they complete their degree requirements. The core areas for the M.S. in Biology are:
            1. genetics and evolution
               
            2. animal or plant physiology
               
            3. cell biology, biochemistry, or molecular biology, and
            4. ecology or morphology.
               The core areas for the M.S. in Microbiology are:
            5. biochemistry and molecular biology
            6. physiology of microorganisms,
               
            7. immunology
               
            8. microbial genetics, and
               
            9. virology
               Students may opt to gain expertise in these areas via a variety of mechanisms including graduate courses, seminars, special projects, or readings. Although there are no specific credit requirements for the core areas, we expect that the total effort expended in each area would be at least equivalent to that required in a rigorous course in that subject area. It is also expected that any credits earned as part of the graduate program will be at the graduate level (i.e., at the 500 or 600 level); these credits count toward the 30-credit requirement. Thirty graduate credits approved by the Department of Biological Sciences and the Graduate School are required to complete the M.S. degree program. At least 15 of these credit hours must be earned at the 600 level. Specific course requirements include: BIOS 691-692 Graduate Seminar 2 cr BIOS 648 Graduate Problems 1-4 cr BIOS 650 Thesis 1-6 cr PLUS Two additional 600-level courses 6 cr Students in the microbiology program must take BIOS 610 Principles of Molecular Biology 3 cr Tool Requirement: A reading knowledge of a foreign language or proficiency with another research tool is required for the M.S. degree in Biology or Microbiology. Students may satisfy the tool requirement by selecting option 1a, 1b, or 2.
            10. Foreign Language:
                a) Students who enter the program with grades of "C" or better in two years of a foreign language in college or four years in high school, or the equivalent, meet this requirement. Others must pass a total of 12 credits in one language or pass a special exam administered by the Department of Foreign Languages at ISU. b) A foreign-born student from a non-English speaking country may satisfy the requirement by passing courses (with a "C" or better) in a foreign language other than his/her native tongue (as described above) or two semesters of English composition courses at an English-speaking university.
            11. A research tool of equivalent intensity to the language requirement may be substituted for a foreign language. Examples of such tools are biometry, electron microscopy, or a related field outside the biological sciences, such as geology, engineering, economics, or computer science. Graduate credits in the Biological Sciences taken to satisfy the tool requirement count toward the 30-credit requirement for the M.S. degree. Master of
                Natural Science in Biology
                The Master of Natural Science degree is designed for teachers and those who wish to obtain additional breadth and/or depth in the Biological Sciences and related areas. This degree emphasizes subject matter and is a non-thesis program. The degree is only for students who possess a standard teaching certificate or are working toward a standard teaching certificate. It is not designed to prepare students for doctoral programs with a research emphasis or requirement.
                Individuals meeting the requirements for admission to the Graduate School should apply to the Department of Biological Sciences for entrance into the M.N.S. program. Acceptance will be based upon review of the applicant's credentials by a departmental committee.
                Requirements
                Completion of a prescribed program of study approved by a major advisor and advisory committee that is selected by the student; a minimum of 30 semester credits beyond the bachelor's degree with at least 22 credits taken in residence; satisfactory performance on a final written and oral examination. Biological Sciences
                Graduate Courses
                g301 Anatomy and Physiology 4 credits. Structures and functions of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. PREREQ: BIOS 101.
                g302 Anatomy and Physiology 4 credits. Structures and functions of the circulatory, respiratory, urinary, digestive, endocrine, and reproductive systems. PREREQ: BIOS 101. g303 Principles of Animal Physiology 4 credits. Compares homeostatic processes including ionic and osmotic regulation, nerve and muscle physiology, circulation, respiration, and endocrine functions among major animal groups. Lecture and Lab. PREREQ: BIOS 101; 1 year of college chemistry.
                g304 Elements of Plant Physiology 4 credits. Study of the physical and chemical basis of plant life as related to such things as absorption, transpiration, manufacture of foods, digestion, growth, and reproduction. PREREQ: BIOS 103, one year of college chemistry.
                g309 Range Agrostology 2 credits. Study of grasses with emphasis on western species. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS g312. g310 Invertebrate Zoology 4 credits. General study of invertebrate animals with laboratory work on representatives of the invertebrate phyla. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 101. g311 Dendrology 3 credits. Identification, classification, characteristics, and economic importance of the principal species of trees of temperate North America. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 103.
                g312 Systematic Botany 4 credits. Instruction on collecting of plants and systems of classification. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 103.
                g314 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy 4 credits. Descriptive studies of adult morphology of selected vertebrates and examples of other representative chordates are used to illustrate the evolution of structure and function. PREREQ: BIOS 101. g317 Organic Evolution 3 credits. Critical discussion of the facts and theories of organic evolution and the general development of evolutionary thought. PREREQ: A course in general biology.
                g318 Ecological Topics 1 credit. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with ecological relationships. Emphasis varies. May be repeated until a maximum of 3 credits is earned. PREREQ: BIOS 203 or permission of instructor.
                g324 Comparative Embryology and Human Development 4 credits. Descriptive studies of the embryonic development of selected vertebrates together with the embryonic and fetal development of the human. PREREQ: BIOS 101.
                g332 Biochemistry 3 credits. General introductory course which includes the occurrence, structure, function, and metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; energy metabolism; and integration of the above areas. PREREQ: CHEM 302 or permission of the instructor. g337 Conservation of Natural Resources 3 credits. Principles and concepts relevant to man's influence upon his environment, especially through interruption of ecological succession, reduction of diversity in the landscape and pollution, and over-breeding. PREREQ: BIOS 203 or permission of instructor. g351 Immunology 3 credits. Fundamental concepts of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated mechanisms of immunity. In-vivo and in-vitro antigen-antibody interactions are discussed. PREREQ: BIOS 235 or permission of instructor.
                g353 Immunology Laboratory 1 credit. Selected laboratory experiments to accompany Immunology 351. Must be accompanied by or preceded by BIOS g351. Open to non-majors by special permission.
                g355 Pathogenic Microbiology 3 credits. Study of the important disease-producing microorganisms. Host-parasite relationships, pathogenic properties of microorganisms and pathology of disease processes will be discussed. PREREQ: BIOS 351 or permission of instructor.
                g357 Pathogenic Microbiology Lab 2 credits. Will emphasize procedures for the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria. Clinical specimens will be provided for use in identification of unknowns. Must be accompanied or preceded by BIOS g355.
                g358 Genetics 3 credits. Basic principles of heredity and variation. PREREQ: BIOS 101 or 103.
                g400 Oral Histology and Embryology 3 credits. The microanatomy and formative processes of the teeth and their surrounding structures.
                g405 Plant Anatomy 3 credits. Study of the development and microscopic structure of the stems, leaves, roots, and reproductive structures of vascular plants with emphasis on the flowering plants. PREREQ: BIOS 103.
                g406 Plant Morphology 4 credits. Study of the reproduction, structure, development, evolution, and classification of the fungi, algae, bryophytes, and vascular plants. PREREQ: BIOS 103. g408 Plant Ecology 3 credits. General study of environmental factors, structure, and behavior of plant communities and plant geography of the U.S. Field trips are an integral part of the course. PREREQ: BIOS 203.
                g413 Biology Teaching Methods 3 credits. Designed to help biology teachers plan, teach and evaluate biology activities for their students. A diversity of laboratory and outdoor environmental education materials and methods will be experientially considered. Required for secondary teachers in biology. g416 Community Ecology 3 credits. Structure, function, and classification of plant and animal communities, emphasizing biotic and abiotic interactions and patterns of change in space and time. Field work emphasizes the collection and analysis of data. PREREQ: BIOS 203.
                g419 Mammalian Histology 4 credits. Study of human animal tissues, including structural and functional characteristics of tissues and organs. PREREQ: BIOS 206, 207, or 303 or 301 and 302. g420 Musculo-Skeletal Anatomy 2 credits. Study of human body structure emphasizing muscular system and its relationship to axial and appendicular skeleton. Focus on extremities, thorax, and pelvis with applications toward normal, diseased and rehabilitative functions. PREREQ: BIOS 301 and 302. g423 Parasitology 3 credits. Study of the animal parasites with emphasis on those of man. Laboratory includes identification of the important parasites of man; the collection and the preservation of the available local forms. PREREQ: BIOS 101. g425 Human Anatomy 4 credits. General systemic anatomy with emphasis on microscopic and gross structure. PREREQ: BIOS 101. g426 Ichthyology/Herpetology 3 credits. Natural history, identification, classification and evolution of the ectothermic vertebrates. Lecture, laboratory and field work. PREREQ: 10 hours of college biology.
                g428 Veterinary and Medical Entomology 3 credits. Identification, habits, life cycles, ecology and management of arthropods of veterinary and public health importance, including relationships between vectors, pathogens, and hosts. PREREQ: BIOS 101. g430 Human Performance Physiology 4 credits. Physiology as applied to human energetics with relation to respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular, nervous and endocrine systems. Includes rehabilitation analysis of abnormalities of performance. Lecture and laboratory. PREREQ: BIOS g301, g302, or BIOS g303. g431 General Entomology 3 credits. Study of structure, development, classification, and life histories of insects, including ecological, economic and management considerations. A returnable collection of insects may be required. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 101.
                g433 Microbial Physiology 4 credits. Comparative biochemistry of microorganisms, including enzyme kinetics, carbon and energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nutrition, and the effect of environmental factors on growth, death, and metabolism. PREREQ: BIOS g332 or permission of the instructor. g435 Vertebrate Paleontology 4 credits. Phylogenetic history of the vertebrates outlined in the light of morphology, classification, evolution, paleoecology, and the significance of fossils. Field trips. PREREQ: GEOL g431 or BIOS g314 or equivalent. (NOTE: BIOS g435 cross-listed with GEOL.) g438 Ornithology 3 credits. Study of the origin, evolution, structure, habits, adaptations, distribution, and classification of birds. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 101. g440 Human Gross Anatomy 4 credits. Comprehensive regional study of gross human anatomy with emphasis on the upper limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum. Designed for the first year dental students and complements BIOS g450. Lecture and laboratory. g441 Mammalogy 3 credits. General study of mammals including classification, identification, habits, ecology, economics, and techniques of study, with emphasis on North American forms. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 203.
                g443 Endocrinology 3 credits. Study of the anatomy and physiology of the ductless glands and the properties and uses of natural and synthetic hormones. PREREQ: BIOS g303 or BIOS g301 and g302. g444 General Pathology 4 credits. Study of basic pathologic processes which underlie disease, including inflammation, neoplasia, infarction and cellular alterations; an attempt is made to correlate the anatomical, functional, and biochemical alterations. Lectures, demonstrations and small group discussions.
                g445 Biochemistry I 3 credits. Introduction to basic aspects of biochemical systems, including fundamental chemical and physical properties of biomolecules. Enzymology including allosterism, metabolic regulation, bioenergetics, and carbohydrate metabolism. PREREQ: CHEM 302 or permission of instructor.
                g446 Selected Topics in Physiology 1 credit. Selected topics in physiology for dental students: blood
                coagulation-complement-kinin systems, prostaglandin and related substances, vitamins, steroids, mucopolysaccharides, collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules and cyto-and molecular genetics.
                g447 Biochemistry II 3 credits. Functional continuation of g445. Lipid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. Emphasis is on metabolic regulation, metabolic dysfunction, biochemical mechanism of hormone action, biochemical genetics, protein synthesis, and metabolic consequences of genetic defects. g448 Advanced Experimental Biochemistry 2 credits. Advanced laboratory projects designed to emphasize techniques of qualitative and quantitative biochemical analysis. PREREQ: concurrent enrollment in BIOS g447 or permission of the instructor.
                g449 Human Physiology I 4 credits. First of a two-course sequence. Physiology of the nervous, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems. PREREQ: BIOS 101; CHEM 121 and 122; COREQ: BIOS g425.
                g450 Head and Neck Anatomy 4 credits. Comprehensive presentation of the anatomy of the head and neck as it applies to the practice of dentistry. Lecture and laboratory.

                g452 Population Ecology 3 credits. Study of the forces that determine the composition, density, and distribution of terrestrial animal populations; including natality, mortality, dispersion, and environment, knowledge of which is applicable to game management. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 203 or permission of the instructor.
                g454 Advanced Immunology 3 credits. Detailed study of selected areas of immunology. Course content will vary with current demand. Students will lead discussions and present current literature. PREREQ: BIOS g351 and permission of the instructor. g456 Human Physiology II 4 credits. Physiology of gastrointestinal, endocrine, and reproductive systems. Includes studies of acid-base balance, peripheral circulation, shock, and temperature regulation. PREREQ: BIOS g449 or equivalent. g459 Ecology; Biology of Fishes 3 credits. Study of the anatomy, ecology, and management of fishes of economic importance. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 203 or permission of the instructor. g460 Neuroanatomy 2 credits. Comprehensive presentation of the anatomy of the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. Combined lecture and laboratory demonstration. PREREQ: Permission of instructor.
                g461 Advanced Genetics 3 credits. Detailed and critical consideration of selected genetic topics with emphasis of recent advances. PREREQ: BIOS g358 and permission. g462 Freshwater Ecology 3 credits. Study of the interaction of physical and biotic factors in aquatic communities. Field trips. PREREQ: BIOS 203.
                g463 Human Pathophysiology 5 credits. The study of basic processes underlying diseases with an emphasis on correlating anatomical, functional, and biochemical alterations with clinical manifestations. PREREQ: BIOS g425 one year of physiology, and biochemistry, or approval of instructor. g465 Microbial Genetics 3 credits. Principles of heredity and variation with application of these principles to bacteria and viruses. PREREQ: BIOS 236; CHEM 302.
                g466 Medical Mycology 3 credits. Lecture/laboratory course addressing medically important fungi. Taxonomy, clinical disease, pathogenesis, immunological diagnosis and laboratory identification of contaminants, opportunists, superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. PREREQ: BIOS 221 or 235.
                g467 Microbial Genetics Laboratory l credit. Laboratory investigations of the principles of heredity, variation and genetic exchange in bacteria and bacterial viruses. PREREQ: BIOS 235 or BIOS 221 and 223.
                g468 Oral Microbiology 1 credit. Study of microbiology of plaque, caries, periodontal disease, immunobiology of oral disease and control of microorganisms with antimicrobial agents. Four periods devoted to laboratory study of medically important oral microbes. PREREQ or CO-REQ: BIOS g355.
                g469 Special Topics in Microbiology 1-4 credits. Study of selected topics in microbiology. Course contents will vary with topics selected. May be repeated with departmental approval for nonrepetitive course content. PREREQ: Permission of the instructor.
                g470 Cross Sectional Anatomy 1 credit. Human gross regional anatomy in cross and sagittal sections. Designed to prepare students in radiographic sciences to understand structure depicted by various imaging techniques. PREREQ: BIOS 100 or 101; 301 and 302.
                g471 Pathophysiology 4 credits. Focuses on the response of physiological systems to pathophysiological disruptions. The relationships between tissue, organ, and systemic physiology and pathological conditions will be emphasized. PREREQ: BIOS g301 and g302 or BIOS g303.
                g473 Industrial Microbiology 4 credits. Microbiological and biochemical aspects of fermentative and oxidative processes of industrial importance such as yeast, mold, and bacterial fermentation. PREREQ: BIOS g433.
                g474 Human Anatomy (Physical Therapy Emphasis) 5 credits. Human gross anatomy and histology for, but not limited to, physical therapy students emphasizing the skeletal, muscular, integumentary, peripheral nervous, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems. PREREQ: BIOS 301 and 302 or equivalent. g475 General Virology 3 credits. Introduction to the general principles of virology through consideration of structure, genetics, replication and biochemistry of animal and bacterial viruses. PREREQ: Completion of 90 credits. g476 Ecology of Water Pollution 3 credits. Study of the causes of pollution and their effects on the aquatic environment and its inhabitants. Special consideration will be given to the biological and chemical assessment of pollution in streams and to its control. Field work. PREREQ: BIOS g462 or permission of the department.
                g477 Bacterial Virology Laboratory 1 credit. Designed to acquaint students with the techniques and experimental principles used in the study of bacterial viruses. Must be accompanied by BIOS g475. g478 Animal Virology Laboratory 1 credit. Introduces tissue culture methods and other techniques employed in the study of animal viruses. Must be accompanied by BIOS g475. g479 Survey of Electron Microscopy 2 credits. Introduction to the potentialities, theory, techniques, and limitations of electron microscopy. The field will be surveyed as a whole, but primary emphasis will be on biological applications. Lectures will include both formal presentations and demonstrations of selected techniques. The operation of the electron microscope also will be demonstrated. PREREQ: Permission of the instructor. g481-g482 Independent Problems 1-4 credits. Individual problems will be assigned to students on the basis of interest and previous preparation. PREREQ: Senior standing in biology and permission of the instructor.
                g485 Nutritional Biochemistry 3 credits. Human metabolism in health and disease. Emphasizes interrelationships among hormones, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals within tissues and organs. PREREQ: CHEM 107, 108; or CHEM 121 and 301. g486 Human Systemic Physiology 5 credits. One semester human physiology course emphasizing the function and regulation of the muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and immune systems. PREREQ: CHEM 121 and 122; BIOS 301 and 302 or equivalent.
                g489 Field Ecology 3 credits. An intensive field of study of at least one biogeographical region to increase students' knowledge of and skill with field sampling techniques, field-study design, data collection and analysis, and report preparation. PREREQ: BIOS 203.
                g491-492 Seminar l credit. Review of current research and literature in the general fields of biological science. Open only to graduate students and seniors or by permission of the department.
                g495 Ethology 3 credits. Behavior of animals and the evolutionary mechanisms that dictate behavioral patterns. PREREQ: upper division or graduate status.
                521 Ecological Concepts 3 credits. Major concepts in ecology in relation to environmental degradation, pollution, hazardous materials, and environmental management. Credit may not be used for a graduate degree in biology.
                587 Environmental Science and Pollutants 3 credits. Structure and function of ecosystems, sources and characteristics of hazardous materials, mechanisms and pathways of pollutant transport and degradation, mechanisms of pollutant impact on ecosystems and human health. PREREQ: BIOS 521, an undergraduate ecology course, or equivalent.

                597 Professional Education Development Topics. Variable credit. May be repeated. A course for practicing professionals aimed at the development and improvement of skills. May not be applied to graduate degrees. May be graded S/U.
                601 Animal Behavior 3 credits. Behavior and social organization of animals with particular attention to the vertebrates. Lecture, laboratory, and field work. PREREQ: Graduate standing and permission of the department.
                602 Advanced Plant Physiology 3 credits. Study of interrelationships of soil, water, and minerals in the nutrition of plants. PREREQ: BIOS g304.
                603 Comparative Physiology 3 credits. Study of the ways in which organisms meet their functional requirements. Lecture and laboratory. PREREQ: Graduate standing and permission of the department.
                604 Advanced Limnology: Streams and Biotic Production 3 credits. Study of the ecology of streams; chemical, physical, and geological aspects in relation to biota. The production of organic matter in flowing water is emphasized, including the tracing of food chains and food webs and the construction of energy budgets. Field trips. PREREQ: Permission of the instructor.
                605 Biometry 4 credits. Application of descriptive and analytical statistical methods to experimental design and biological research. PREREQ: Math 111 or equivalent or permission.
                607 Environmental Physiology 3 credits. Study of the physiological mechanisms and interrelated behavioral patterns by which animals respond to environmental factors. PREREQ: Graduate standing and permission of the instructor. 610 Principles of Molecular Biology 3 credits. Introduction to subcellular biology and molecular genetics. DNA replication, cell division, the genetic code, transcription, translation, enzyme function, and control mechanisms in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. PREREQ or COREQ: BIOS g332.
                613 Biogeography 3 credits. Discussion of patterns of distribution of species and their historical and ecological causes. Includes research project.
                621 Advanced Methods in Microbiology 3 credits. PREREQ: Graduate standing and permission of the instructor. 623 Soil and Ground Water Bioremediation 3 credits. Theoretical and applied aspects of biological treatment for contaminated subsurface systems. PREREQ: BIOS 587.
                624 Microbial Ecology 3 credits. Ecological principles applied to microorganisms. PREREQ: Graduate standing and a course in microbiology.
                628 Cytology and Cell Physiology 4 credits. Advanced study of the functions and structural components of cells. Lecture and laboratory. PREREQ: Graduate standing and permission of the instructor.
                629 Basic Concepts in Biology 3 credits. Considerations of fundamental concepts of biology, their origin and development. PREREQ: Permission of the instructor.
                631-632 Advanced Systematic Botany 3 credits. Classification of plants as it rests on morphological, chemical, ecological, and genetics bases. PREREQ: BIOS g312.
                633 Advanced Microbial Physiology 3 credits. Advanced topics in microbial physiology and biochemistry. PREREQ: BIOS g332 and permission of the instructor.
                634 Intermediary Metabolism 3 credits. Theory, reactions, and methods pertinent to research in intermediary metabolism. PREREQ: BIOS g332 and permission of the instructor. 636 Experimental Intermediary Metabolism 2 credits. Must be accompanied by or preceded by BIOS 634. 648 Graduate Problems 1-9 credits per semester (may be repeated). Thesis related research. PREREQ: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. S-U grading.
                650 Thesis 1-6 credits. S-U grading.
                651 Advanced Studies in Ecology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with ecological relationships.
                652 Advanced Studies in Physiology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in physiology.
                653 Advanced Studies in Vertebrate Zoology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in vertebrate zoology.
                654 Advanced Studies in Invertebrate Zoology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in invertebrate zoology.
                655 Advanced Studies in Vertebrate Paleontology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in vertebrate paleontology. 656 Advanced Studies in Systematic Biology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in systematic biology.
                657 Advanced Studies in Plant Biology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in plant biology.
                658 Advanced Studies in Limnology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in limnology.
                659 Advanced Studies in Genetics 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in genetics.
                660 Selected Topics in Biochemistry 3 credits. Detailed study of selected areas of biochemistry. Course content will vary with current demand. PREREQ: BIOS g435 or permission of the instructor.
                661 Advanced Studies in Environmental Physiology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in environmental physiology. 662 Advanced Studies in Developmental Biology 2-6 credits. Flexible use of seminars, lectures, and laboratory work dealing with problems in developmental biology. 670 Selected Topics in Microbiology 1-4 credits. Detailed study of selected areas of microbiology. Course content will vary with current demand. PREREQ: Permission of the instructor. 675 Advanced Bacterial Virology 3 credits. Detailed study of selected areas of bacterial virology. Course content will vary with current demand. PREREQ: g475 and permission of instructor. 676 Advanced Animal Virology 3 credits. Detailed study of selected areas of animal virology. Course content will vary with current demand. PREREQ: BIOS g475 and permission of the instructor.
                679 Electron Microscopy 5 credits. Introduction to uses of the electron microscope in biological research. Designed to develop proficiency in use and operation of the electron microscope, specimen preparation for electron microscopy, and photographic skills as applied to electron microscopy. In addition, students will develop a special project for individual study. PREREQ: BIOS g479, graduate standing, and permission of the instructor. Enrollment limited to students who have a demonstrated need to learn electron microscopy techniques.
                691 Seminar 1 credit. Review of current research and literature. May be repeated until a maximum of 4 credits is earned. S-U grading.
                692 Seminar 1 credit. Review of current research and literature. May be repeated until a maximum of 4 credits is earned. S-U grading.
                693 Seminar in College Teaching 1 credit. Doctor of Arts candidates. May be repeated once. S-U grading. 694 Advanced Studies in College Teaching 2-6 credits. Investigation into new approaches to the teaching of biology in community and junior colleges.
                699 Doctor's Dissertation variable credit. S-U grading. 700 Supervised Teaching Internship variable to 9 credits per semester. S-U grading.